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新能源電池產(chǎn)業(yè): 中國電池技術(shù)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及趨勢(shì)

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2023-09-06

本文總結(jié)了近年來我國電池技術(shù)發(fā)展的現(xiàn)狀和形勢(shì): 政策補(bǔ)貼新能源汽車，帶動(dòng)電池產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展，國家科技計(jì)劃持續(xù)支持電池技術(shù)研發(fā)，和電池技術(shù)普遍處于國際水平和運(yùn)行

This paper summarizes the current situation and situation of the development of battery technology in China in recent years: policy subsidies for new energy vehicles, driving the development of the battery industry, the national science and technology plan continues to support battery technology research and development, and battery technology is generally at the international level and running

First, the government attaches great importance to battery technology and industrial development

(1) Give policy subsidies to new energy vehicles to drive the development of the battery industry

In recent years, around the realization of the dual carbon goal, in the national new energy vehicles, new energy storage and other fields of policy documents, the battery technology and industrial development requirements. For example, in 2020, The State Council issued the "New Energy Automobile Industry Development Plan (2021-2035)", pointing out that the development of new energy vehicles is China's strategic measure to cope with climate change and promote green development; After 15 years of continuous efforts, pure electric vehicles become the mainstream of new sales vehicles, and public sector vehicles are fully electric; Put forward the implementation of battery technology breakthrough actions to promote the development of the whole value chain of power batteries. In October 2021, the Energy Bureau of the National Development and Reform Commission issued the "Guidance on Accelerating the Development of New energy storage", in order to achieve carbon peak carbon neutrality as the goal, proposed that by 2025, China's new energy storage installed capacity will reach more than 30 GW, an increase of nearly 10 times from the end of 2020. In terms of enhancing the ability of scientific and technological innovation, it is proposed to adhere to the diversification of energy storage technology, and promote the development and demonstration application of technologies such as lithium-ion batteries, flow batteries, and sodium-ion batteries.

(2) The National Science and Technology plan continues to support battery technology research and development

The Chinese government attaches great importance to scientific and technological innovation in the field of batteries, and during the "13th Five-Year Plan" period, with the support of the national key research and development plan "new energy vehicles" and "smart grid" key projects, in terms of power batteries, Important progress has been made in new materials and new systems, high-specific energy, high-specific power long-life lithium-ion batteries, power battery systems, new high-specific energy lithium batteries, and power battery testing. Such as the development of a new lithium-rich manganese based cathode material with a specific capacity of 400 mAh/g, a nano-silicon carbon anode material with a specific capacity of more than 1300 mAh/g, and a flexible lithium-ion battery with a specific energy of more than 350 Wh/kg; In terms of energy storage batteries, the lithium iron phosphate energy storage battery system with 100 MWh cycle life of more than 10,000 times has been realized, and the solid-state ternary energy storage lithium-ion battery and sodium-ion battery have completed the frontier exploration. The "14th Five-Year Plan" National key research and development Plan "High-end functions and smart materials", "new energy vehicles", "energy storage and smart grid technology" and other key projects have set up lithium battery materials, power batteries and energy storage batteries and application research content.

Second, China's battery industry occupies a global dominant position

(1) The battery industry ranks first in the world, and ternary batteries are developing rapidly

In terms of industry and market, China has established a more complete battery industry chain, and the battery industry has been ranked first in the world. Over the years, with the support of new energy vehicle subsidy policies, China's electric vehicle industry has made great progress, becoming a large country in production and marketing, and promoting the rapid development of China's battery industry, which has been highly concerned and recognized by the international community.

In 2021, the cumulative output of China's power batteries will be 219.7 GWh, an increase of 163.4%. Sales volume was 186.0GWh, an increase of 182.3%. The installed capacity was 154.5GWh, up 142.8% year-on-year, ranking first in the world. China's assembled power batteries account for 76% of the world, production accounts for 55% of the world, Ningde Times, BYD, Zhongchuang New aviation (AVIC lithium), vision power, Guoxun Technology and Yi Wei Lithium Energy six companies ranked in the top 10 list of global power battery companies; Ningde Times is the world's largest battery company, with an installed capacity of 96.7 GWh in 2021, accounting for 32.6% of the global market, an increase of 167.13% year-on-year.

According to SNE Research data, in the first half of 2022, there are 15 Chinese enterprises in the world's top 20 power battery installed capacity; In the growth rate of more than 100% of the 12 power battery manufacturers, there are 11 Chinese enterprises, including BYD, including 4 enterprises growth rate is more than 200%. Ningde era continued to win the global battery sales champion, accounting for 34% of the global market share, BYD battery sales more than Panasonic's global ranking jumped from the fourth to the third, accounting for 12% of the global market share, China's power battery industry showed a rapid development trend.

In the first half of 2022, China's new construction of battery industry-related factories reached 85, of which 81 factories with a public investment scale 624 total investment of nearly 600 billion yuan. According to the industrial chain, the total investment of 28 battery companies, 16 anode materials and raw material companies, and 17 cathode materials companies is about 278 billion yuan, 112.7 billion yuan and 96.8 billion yuan, respectively. In addition, battery related companies such as membranes and electrolytes have also begun to work.

The two technical routes of lithium iron phosphate batteries and ternary lithium battery materials in China are synchronized, with wider coverage and larger installed capacity. In China's new power battery installed capacity in 2020, terpolymer batteries and lithium iron phosphate batteries accounted for about 66% and 33%, respectively, in 2021, China's loading capacity accumulated 74.35GWh, accounting for 48.1% of the total loading capacity, a cumulative increase of 91.30%. The loading capacity of lithium iron phosphate battery was 79.8GWh, accounting for 51.7%, and the same ratio increased by 227.4%. Lithium iron phosphate batteries show a rapid growth trend, due to cost and safety advantages, as well as the improvement of battery system integration efficiency technology, it is expected that the next three years lithium iron phosphate batteries in the power and energy storage market share will significantly exceed the ternary battery.

(2) Chinese enterprises have expanded the scale, layout of overseas markets Global power battery production and industrial chain is highly dependent on Chinese battery enterprises, in recent years, China's battery industry in the control of costs to maintain price advantages at the same time, but also continue to improve technical competitiveness, through improving technology to improve quality to expand global market share. Chinese battery companies not only increase investment in ternary lithium batteries, cylindrical batteries and other fields to attract global customers, but also enter North America, Europe, South Korea and other international markets, and actively carry out overseas market layout.

China's battery enterprises continue to obtain long-term overseas orders and establish international strategic cooperation. At present, overseas car companies such as Tesla in the United States, BMW and Volkswagen in Europe, Kia and Ssangyong in South Korea have begun to use Chinese batteries. Tesla's low-cost Model 3 sold in the United States is equipped with a lithium iron phosphate battery made in China's Ningde era [22]. Mercedes uses Ningde Times batteries in the EQS. Ford began battery supply negotiations with CatL for lithium iron phosphate and other battery technologies [23]. South Korea's Kia SUV Niro will use the battery of the Ningde era and sell in South Korea; South Korea's Ssangyong Motor has established a strategic partnership with BYD and plans to launch the Torres electric vehicle model around 2023, equipped with BYD batteries, and sell in South Korea.

At the same time, China's battery enterprises actively carry out overseas layout by building factories overseas. In June 2022, Vision Power announced that it would build a gigafactory in Spain with a planned capacity of 30 GWh, which is scheduled to be completed and put into operation in 2025 [25]. In September 2022, Ningde Times invested 7.34 billion euros to build a battery factory in Debrecen, Hungary, with a planned annual production capacity of 100 GWh, which is the second factory built by Ningde Times in Europe after Germany. It will produce electric vehicle battery cells and modules for European automobile manufacturers such as Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen Group, BMW and Stellantis. In June 2022, Guoxuan High-tech set up its first battery production and operation base in Europe in Gottingen, Germany, and currently plans to build a production base with an annual output of 18 GWh. In October, Gotion, the US subsidiary of Guoxuan High-tech, will invest $2.36 billion to build a battery materials factory in Michigan, which is scheduled to be completed by 2031 [26]. The plant is expected to produce 150,000 tons of cathode materials and 50,000 tons of anode materials per year. With the expansion and layout of Chinese battery companies in Europe and the United States, Chinese companies will have higher participation and influence in the global battery market. However, at present, China's power battery companies are also facing the problem that American car companies bully foreign battery companies to force them to "share core technology", and China's battery companies need to make preparations early.

(3) China's battery industry chain has been developed, the material industry has made great progress, and the application market has developed rapidly

China's battery industry supply chain is perfect, the most key materials for manufacturing lithium batteries, such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, manganese and other major metals, have high reserves in China, and China has also acquired quite a lot of mineral resources in the world.

In addition, on the technical route, China's lithium battery manufacturers have long laid out lithium iron phosphate batteries, emphasizing the synchronization of the two technical routes. In recent years, China has emerged a number of battery positive, negative, electrolyte and diaphragm leading enterprises, the industry concentration is high, become the world's largest production and use of lithium iron phosphate and ternary cathode materials, diaphragm leading enterprises Njie shares accounted for the world's largest share. China's battery industry supply chain is more stable and diversified.

China has highlighted its advantages in the power battery industry, mainly relying on China's largest new energy vehicle market in the world, so it has stimulated the development of China's battery industry. In 2021, the annual sales volume of new energy vehicles was 3.521 million, an increase of 157.8%, accounting for 53% of the global market, and the pure electric vehicle market accounted for 61%. New energy sales in the first half of 2022 were 2.247 million units, an increase of 122.4%.

Third, battery technology is generally at the international level and running

China's innovative technologies in power batteries also continue to obtain new breakthroughs, in 2021, China's power lithium battery patents accounted for 90% of the world's share, especially in the positive and negative electrode material technology, and continue to innovate.

In terms of power batteries, important progress has been made in new materials and new systems, high-specific energy and high-specific power long-life lithium-ion batteries, and new high-specific energy lithium batteries, and new lithium-rich mangan-based cathode materials with a specific capacity of 400 mAh/g and nano-silicon carbon anode materials with a specific capacity of more than 1300 mAh/g have reached the international advanced level.

In terms of energy storage batteries, the lithium iron phosphate energy storage battery system with a cycle life of more than 10,000 times at 100 MWH level has been achieved. Ningde Times has developed a sodium-ion battery with an energy density of 160 Wh/kg per cell, which is expected to be used in energy storage power stations, communication base stations and other fields. Byd develops blade battery technology and innovates battery structure to greatly improve volume utilization. In recent years, China's battery enterprises have strengthened investment in technological innovation, and battery technology has made continuous progress, such as sodium-ion batteries, solid-state battery technology, cobalt-free batteries, blade batteries and CTP integration technology, etc., of which Ningde Era's R&D cost in 2020 is as high as 3.569 billion yuan [27], strengthening existing batteries and future battery technology development. Ningde Times invested 3.3 billion yuan to establish 21C Laboratory to strengthen the development of future battery technology and support its leading position in the global battery field. In terms of battery standards, China began to actively promote China's standards in the International Electrotechnical Organization, as early as 2020, China proposed to ISO to set a new standard for lithium batteries, formulate a proposal for the professional committee, and the committee's officers are Chinese experts, around the development of standards, China has now taken the lead.

Ciic originated from industrial competitive intelligence monitoring, developed and expanded in industrial planning consulting, and became famous in the national new town planning chain consulting. Focus on industry and industrial park big data, consulting, planning, design, investment, operation and hosting.

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