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電池產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展概述


發(fā)布時(shí)間:

2021-11-12

電池可分為兩類: 化學(xué)電池和物理電池?;瘜W(xué)電池將化學(xué)反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的能量直接轉(zhuǎn)化為電能,按使用性質(zhì)可分為一次電池和二次電池兩種。原電池又稱 “原電池”,電池中的活性物質(zhì)消耗后失去效力,常見的是堿性鋅錳電池、碳鋅錳電池、鋰原電池等。

Pools can be divided into two categories: chemical batteries and physical batteries. Chemical batteries convert the energy generated by chemical reactions directly into electrical energy, and can be divided into two kinds of primary batteries and secondary batteries according to the nature of use. Primary battery is also known as "primary battery", the active substance in the battery loses its effectiveness after consumption, common alkaline zinc-manganese battery, carbon zinc-manganese battery, lithium primary battery and so on.

Secondary batteries, also known as "batteries", can be used repeatedly by charging after the power is exhausted, common nickel-metal hydride batteries, lithium-ion batteries, lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries and so on. Physical battery is a device that uses physical methods to directly convert light energy, heat energy, etc., into electrical energy, common solar cells, temperature difference batteries, etc.

The specific classification is shown in the figure below:


Note: The dotted line and red box in the figure above are the areas covered by the main sales products of Nanfu Battery.

(1) Overview of battery industry development

With the development of science and technology, portable electronic products, power tools and other more and more widely used in social life, batteries as an essential consumer goods in people's lives, in communications, transportation, industry, medical, household appliances and aerospace and military equipment and devices play an important role. Whether in China, or the world, the technology and industrial development of the battery industry has always been in a rapid and sustained development momentum.

① General situation of battery industry in our country

Since the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan", the scale of China's battery industry has developed rapidly, and the output of most battery products has ranked in the forefront of similar industries in the world, of which the scale of the primary battery industry has remained the first in the world. At present, China's battery industry as a whole shows a good operating trend. According to the data of China Light Industry Network, the operating income of battery manufacturing enterprises above designated size in 2021 will be 1.2 trillion yuan, an increase of 44.75% year-on-year, and the total profit will increase by 34.70% year-on-year.

② Global battery industry development overview

For a long time, the global battery market and technology are in the ascendant and have been in a continuous development trend. According to Mordor Intelligence data, the global battery market will continue to grow steadily, the global battery market size will reach 250.16 billion US dollars in 2027, and the compound growth rate is expected to be about 15.8% during the period from 2022 to 2027. Thanks to the acceleration of urbanization and increased consumer spending in countries such as China and India, the Asia-Pacific region will become the world's largest battery market, with the main demand coming from countries such as China, India, Japan and South Korea. From the perspective of China's battery export market, since 2016, China's battery export scale has grown steadily. Exports of major battery varieties rose from $12.073 billion in 2016 to $34.931 billion in 2021, with a compound growth rate of 23.67%.


Data source: China Chemical and Physical Power Supply Industry Association

③ Development prospects of China's battery industry

At present, China's battery industry is facing a favorable external environment for industrial development, national industrial policy support, residents' consumption power continues to improve, downstream application scenarios are increasingly rich, product performance optimization and other favorable factors to promote China's battery industry to maintain sustained and rapid growth.

(2) Overview of the development of zinc-manganese battery industry

Zinc-manganese battery, the full name of zinc-manganese dioxide battery, is a primary battery that generates current through REDOX reaction with zinc as the negative electrode and manganese dioxide as the positive electrode. Zinc-manganese batteries mainly include carbon batteries and alkaline batteries two categories. Carbon batteries are also known as carbon zinc-manganese batteries, ordinary zinc-manganese batteries, carbon-zinc batteries, and the electrolyte is usually zinc chloride and ammonium chloride. Alkaline batteries are also known as alkaline zinc-manganese batteries, alkaline manganese batteries, and the electrolyte is potassium hydroxide.

As the oldest and most widely used primary battery products, zinc-manganese battery manufacturing technology is mature, has developed into international standardized products, size, shape, specifications, etc. have common standards at home and abroad, with cost-effective, good safety performance, strong stability, easy to use and other advantages. With the development of production technology, most zinc-manganese batteries on the current market have achieved no mercury, no lead, no cadmium, friendly to the environment, and can be discarded with domestic waste.

The technical characteristics, evolution, comprehensive cost and use scenario comparison of zinc-manganese batteries with nickel-metal hydride batteries, lithium-ion batteries and other secondary batteries are as follows:


① Zinc-manganese batteries and secondary batteries have certain terminal application scenarios overlap

After years of development, zinc-manganese batteries have developed into internationally standardized products, size, shape, specifications, etc. with domestic and foreign general standards, widely used in remote control, watches, radios and other small traditional household appliances, smart door locks, smart body fat scale and other smart home fields, remote control cars, radio remote control aircraft and other electric toys. And the field of home medical equipment such as blood pressure meter and infrared thermometer.

At present, in certain terminal application scenarios, zinc-manganese batteries and some secondary batteries can be used instead of each other, and the substitutes are mainly nickel-metal hydride batteries and lithium-ion batteries. The rated voltage of nickel-metal hydride batteries for daily consumption is 1.2V, and the product specifications are the same as that of zinc-manganese batteries, which can basically cover the use scenario of zinc-manganese batteries, but it is not suitable for a small number of electrical appliances whose termination voltage exceeds N*1.2V.

Lithium-ion battery applications mainly include consumer electronics, power and energy storage, conventional products used in the field of consumer electronics such as 1254, 14500, 18650 and other lithium-ion battery nominal voltage of 3.7V, shape, specifications and zinc manganese batteries are different, can not directly replace the use of zinc manganese batteries. It is mainly used in smart wearable devices such as TWS headphones, smart glasses, smart watches, and small and medium-sized smart home fields such as smart speakers and sweeping robots, and the main use scenarios of zinc-manganese batteries are different. With the development of technology, some leading technology enterprises in the current industry have developed a new generation of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries with output voltage of 1.5V constant voltage and standard models such as AA\AAA, which can be used as an alternative to zn-manganese batteries in certain use scenarios, but due to high manufacturing costs, expensive prices, and additional special chargers are required. It is mainly suitable for consumers who have high requirements for voltage stability, charging speed and low price sensitivity, and there is differentiated competition with zinc-manganese batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries.

② Zinc-manganese batteries, with their own characteristics, are still one of the most widely used batteries

Compared with nickel-metal hydride batteries, lithium-ion batteries and other secondary batteries, zinc-manganese batteries have the following advantages: first, zinc-manganese batteries do not need to be equipped with additional chargers, plug and play, compared with the secondary battery discharge time is longer, more convenient to use. Second, zinc-manganese batteries are not prone to leakage, explosion and other safety accidents, no need to be specially equipped with protective plates, higher safety performance, and lower manufacturing costs. Third, the production cost of zinc-manganese batteries is much lower than that of secondary batteries, the price is lower, and it is more economical for small low-power electrical appliances and has a higher cost performance. Fourth, the self-discharge rate of zinc-manganese batteries is smaller and can be stored for about 10 years at room temperature. Fifth, the zinc-manganese battery discharge curve is stable, has stronger stability, no memory effect, do not worry about over-discharge, strong adaptability to the electricity environment, not easy to damage.

Zinc-manganese battery has the advantages of mature technology, abundant raw material reserve, long storage time, low self-discharge rate, safety and reliability, easy to use, high cost performance, and wide application range. After more than 100 years of development, zinc-manganese battery has formed a mature standard system. The output of zinc-manganese batteries in China in 2021 compared with other major battery categories is as follows:


Source: Battery Industry

Note: In addition to consumer lithium-ion batteries, lithium-ion batteries also include power lithium-ion batteries, energy storage lithium-ion batteries, etc. The above table does not include lead-acid batteries, solar cells, fuel cells, and other batteries measured in GWh, GW, and stacks.

It can be seen from the above table that although new types of batteries continue to appear, zinc-manganese batteries have not been replaced by other batteries for more than 100 years since their emergence, and are still one of the most widely used batteries.

Based on the above advantages of zinc-manganese batteries, when small current appliances have high requirements for the convenience, safety, cost performance, long-term easy storage, stability, etc., zinc-manganese batteries still have irreplaceable advantages. Widely used in traditional household appliances, smart homes, electric toys and household medical equipment and other fields, its extensive downstream market ensures that zinc-manganese batteries have a stable market demand.

③ With the gradual increase of the alkaline rate of zinc-manganese batteries, the alkaline battery market has broad prospects for development

Zinc-manganese batteries mainly include carbon batteries and alkaline batteries two categories. Carbon batteries were invented in the 1860s and have a long history of development. The production cost of carbon zinc-manganese battery is low, but the capacity is small, the internal resistance is large, and the stability is not high. Alkaline battery is developed on the basis of carbon zinc-manganese battery, large capacity, good stability, can be placed for a long time, small current discharge performance is good, especially suitable for long-term need for small current discharge environment.

At present, zinc-manganese batteries are developing in the direction of alkalization, and the alkalization rate is gradually increasing. Carbon zinc-manganese battery has low production cost and cheap price, but compared with alkaline zinc-manganese battery, it has the disadvantages of low operating current, high internal resistance and low capacity of active material per unit mass electrode. Under the same model, the capacity of alkaline zinc-manganese battery is 5-7 times that of carbon zinc-manganese battery, and the storage period is long, the utilization rate of raw materials is high, and the low temperature performance is good, which is more suitable for the occasions that require longer discharge time. With the deepening of the whole society's concept of energy conservation and environmental protection, many developed countries or regions have introduced relevant policies to actively encourage the production and use of alkaline zinc-manganese batteries, and alkaline zinc-manganese batteries to replace carbon-based zinc-manganese batteries is still the future development trend. According to statistics, alkaline batteries in developed countries account for 80% of the entire dry battery market share, and it is still improving. By contrast, as of the end of 2015, China's alkaline battery production accounted for dry electricity

The proportion of total pool production is only 45%. It can be predicted that in the future, with the improvement of people's income and living standards, low-grade batteries will be gradually phased out, and the application range and product number of alkaline zinc-manganese batteries will continue to rise, and there is a large space for development in domestic and foreign markets.

As a technical upgrade of ordinary zinc-manganese batteries, alkaline zinc-manganese batteries are developing well in China. Promoting the development of zinc-manganese batteries to mercury-free, alkaline and high power has become the development trend of China's zinc-manganese battery industry. In the 1960s, alkaline zinc-manganese batteries began large-scale production in Europe and the United States. In the 1970s, China began to batch trial production of alkaline batteries, but has not yet formed large-scale production capacity. In the early 1990s, enterprises such as Fujian Nanping Nanfu Battery Co., Ltd. took the lead in technological transformation and introduced advanced production equipment and technology. Since then, the alkaline battery manufacturing industry has developed rapidly in China. Over the years, after successive technical improvements, domestic alkaline zinc-manganese batteries have made great progress in increasing capacity, mercury-free, adapting to high-power use, improving storage and safety performance.

At present, various departments in China have introduced various industrial policies to vigorously support the sustainable development of China's alkaline zinc-manganese battery industry. In the "Light Industry Development Plan (2016-2020)", the high-speed production technology and equipment transformation of mercury-free alkaline zinc-manganese battery is listed as a key industry technological transformation project, and the research and development of ultra-long life (more than 8 years) alkaline zinc-manganese battery is listed as a key common technology research and development and industrialization project; The "13th Five-Year" development plan for the battery industry pointed out that it is necessary to focus on promoting the upgrading of the ordinary zinc-manganese battery industry, and strive to expand exports in an orderly competition (alkaline battery exports grow at an average annual rate of 5%), while maintaining the sustainable development of the domestic market (alkaline battery production growth at an average annual rate of 6%).

In the Guidance Catalogue for Industrial Structure Adjustment (2019 edition), the 15 of "Nineteen: Light Industry" and "alkaline zinc-manganese battery manufacturing of complete sets of automatic production equipment with more than 600 batteries per minute" are listed as encouraged. In January 2015, the Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China and the State Administration of Taxation promulgated the "Notice on the Collection of Consumption Tax on batteries and Coatings", which stipulates that "batteries and coatings shall be included in the scope of consumption tax collection, levied in the production, commissioned processing and import links, and the applicable tax rate is 4%". It is also noted that "excise tax is exempted for mercury-free primary cells, nickel metal hydride batteries, lithium primary cells, lithium-ion batteries, solar cells, fuel cells and all-vanadium flow batteries". The introduction of various national industrial policies has effectively promoted the industrial upgrading and technological progress of the battery industry, and provided favorable conditions for the orderly and healthy development of China's battery industry.

In recent years, the production of alkaline zinc-manganese batteries in China has shown a steady growth trend, and has gradually exceeded that of carbon zinc-manganese batteries. In 2021, China's alkaline zinc-manganese batteries are estimated to produce 25.9 billion, an increase of 21.71%. Carbon zinc-manganese batteries are estimated to produce 19.8 billion in 2021, down 5.26% year-on-year. With the gradual increase of the alkalization rate of zinc-manganese batteries in the future, the alkaline battery market still has broad prospects for development.

④ Development status of zinc-manganese battery industry in China

After years of technological accumulation and continuous innovation, the production capacity and technical level of leading domestic zinc-manganese battery manufacturing enterprises have been in the world's first-class ranks, and China has become the world's largest zinc-manganese battery manufacturing country. According to Sihan Industry Research Institute data, during the "13th Five-Year Plan" period, China's zinc-manganese battery industry sales revenue showed a steady growth trend, sales revenue in 2016 was 39.45 billion yuan, and in 2020 was 48.18 billion yuan, with a compound growth rate of 5.12%. It is expected that the wide application of new consumer electronics, smart devices and Internet of Things technologies in the future will further expand the application market of zinc-manganese batteries.

⑤ The development of the global zinc-manganese battery industry

Because zinc-manganese batteries have the advantages of cost-effective, convenient use, safe and reliable, easy storage, strong stability, and are widely used in traditional household appliances, smart homes, electric toys and household medical equipment, the global demand for zinc-manganese batteries remains at a high level. The increasing demand for global portable medical devices, consumer electronics, military electronic devices and other usage scenarios will further drive the global zinc-manganese battery market in the future.

In recent years, as the alkalization rate of zinc-manganese batteries has gradually increased, the global market share of zinc-manganese batteries is mainly alkaline batteries, and the battery alkalization rate in Europe and the United States is high, and the demand for alkaline zinc-manganese batteries is widespread. The Asia-Pacific region is the world's main market for zinc-manganese batteries, and due to low alkalization rate, carbon batteries to alkaline batteries conversion space is large, the future demand for alkaline zinc-manganese batteries will continue to grow. According to Fortune BusinessInsights, the global alkaline battery market size is $7.58 billion in 2020 and is expected to grow to $10.86 billion in 2028.

⑥ Zinc-manganese battery export market size analysis

In recent years, China's zinc-manganese battery manufacturing enterprises rely on excellent product quality, strong production capacity and continuous research and development innovation, through industrial collaboration and sales of independent brands, gradually to the international market, becoming the world's largest exporter of zinc-manganese batteries. According to the data of the China Chemical and Physical Power Industry Association, from 2016 to 2021, the total exports of zinc-manganese batteries (including carbon batteries and alkaline batteries) in China showed an overall upward trend, increasing from $1.619 billion to $1.955 billion, with a compound annual growth rate of 3.84%.

Affected by the global zinc-manganese battery alkalization trend, since 2017, China's carbon zinc-manganese battery exports have decreased year by year, from 17.82 billion to 2021

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